Physics And Mathematics

Quantum Teleportation

Quantum teleportation is a technique for transferring quantum information from a sender at one location to a receiver some distance away. While teleportation is commonly portrayed in science fiction as a means to transfer physical objects from one location to the next, quantum teleportation only transfers quantum information. The sender does not have to know the particular quantum state being transferred. Moreover, the location of the recipient can be unknown, but to complete the quantum teleportation, classical information needs to be sent from sender to receiver. Because classical information needs to be sent, quantum teleportation cannot occur faster than the speed of light.

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Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals
by Richard P. Feynman and Albert R. Hibbs

From astrophysics to condensed matter theory, nearly all of the modern physics employs the path integral technique. In this presentation, the developer of path integrals and one of the best-known scientists of all time, Nobel Prize–winning physicist Richard P. Feynman, presents unique insights into this method and its applications. Avoiding dense, complicated descriptions, Feynman articulates his celebrated theory in a clear, concise manner, maintaining a perfect balance between mathematics and physics.

Andromeda Galaxy, (catalog numbers NGC 224 and M31), great spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda, the nearest large galaxy. The Andromeda Galaxy is one of the few visible to the unaided eye, appearing as a milky blur. It is located about 2,480,000 light-years from Earth; its diameter is approximately 200,000 light-years; and it shares various characteristics with the Milky Way system. It was mentioned as early as 965 CE, in the Book of the Fixed Stars by the Islamic astronomer al-Ṣūfī, and rediscovered in 1612, shortly after the invention of the telescope, by the German astronomer Simon Marius, who said it resembled the light of a candle seen through a horn. For centuries astronomers regarded the Andromeda Galaxy as a component of the Milky Way Galaxy—i.e., as a so-called spiral nebula much like other glowing masses of gas within the local galactic system (hence the misnomer Andromeda Nebula). Only in the 1920s did the American astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble determine conclusively that the Andromeda was in fact a separate galaxy beyond the Milky Way.
The Andromeda Galaxy has a past involving collisions with and accretion of other galaxies. Its peculiar close companion, M32, shows a structure that indicates that it was formerly a normal, more massive galaxy that lost much of its outer parts and possibly all of its globular clusters to M31 in a past encounter. Deep surveys of the outer parts of the Andromeda Galaxy have revealed huge coherent structures of star streams and clouds, with properties indicating that these include the outer remnants of smaller galaxies “eaten” by the giant central galaxy, as well as clouds of M31 stars ejected by the strong tidal forces of the collision

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Black Hole Multiverse

Imagine a cosmic zoo where black holes might harbor entire universes within them, each with its own distinct laws of physics. This speculative concept arises from the idea that within a black hole's event horizon, space and time warp so drastically that new universes could potentially form. Dubbed the "black hole multiverse," this theory challenges conventional notions of space, time, and the universe's fundamental nature. While purely theoretical at this point, it sparks wild speculation and intense debate among physicists, offering a tantalizing glimpse into the bizarre possibilities of our cosmos.

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Antimatter

Antimatter is a material made up of antiparticles, which have the same mass as ordinary matter particles but opposite charges and properties. For example, an electron has a negative charge of -1, while an antimatter particle has the same mass but an opposite charge. Antimatter is also known as "mirror" matter because it has reversed charge, parity, and time, or CPT reversal. Antimatter is made up of anti-protons (protons with a negative charge) and positrons (electrons with a positive charge). When antimatter comes into contact with normal matter, it annihilates, producing high-energy photons (gamma rays), neutrinos, and lower-mass particle–antiparticle pairs. This reaction is the most powerful known and can be used for propulsion, fission, and fusion reactions.

Higgs mechanism

In the Standard Model of particle physics, the Higgs mechanism is essential to explain the generation mechanism of the property "mass" for gauge bosons. Without the Higgs mechanism, all bosons (one of the two classes of particles, the other being fermions) would be considered massless, but measurements show that the W+, W−, and Z0 bosons actually have relatively large masses of around 80 GeV/c2. The Higgs field resolves this conundrum. The simplest description of the mechanism adds a quantum field (the Higgs field) which permeates all of space to the Standard Model. Below some extremely high temperature, the field causes spontaneous symmetry breaking during interactions. The breaking of symmetry triggers the Higgs mechanism, causing the bosons it interacts with to have mass. In the Standard Model, the phrase "Higgs mechanism" refers specifically to the generation of masses for the W±, and Z weak gauge bosons through electroweak symmetry breaking. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN announced results consistent with the Higgs particle on 14 March 2013, making it extremely likely that the field, or one like it, exists, and explaining how the Higgs mechanism takes place in nature. The view of the Higgs mechanism as involving spontaneous symmetry breaking of a gauge symmetry is technically incorrect since by Elitzur's theorem gauge symmetries can never be spontaneously broken. Rather, the Fröhlich–Morchio–Strocchi mechanism reformulates the Higgs mechanism in an entirely gauge invariant way, generally leading to the same results. The mechanism was proposed in 1962 by Philip Warren Anderson, following work in the late 1950s on symmetry breaking in superconductivity and a 1960 paper by Yoichiro Nambu that discussed its application within particle physics.

The Universe has an average colour – and it’s called cosmic latte.

In a 2002 study, astronomers found that the light coming from galaxies (and the stars within them) – alongside all the visible clouds of gas and dust in theUniverse – when averaged, would produce an ivory colour very close to white. They named this colour ‘cosmic latte’.

The ‘beigeness’ of the Universe is because there are slightly more regions that produce red, yellow and green light than those that produce blue. Averaged over the entire sky, however, this beige colour is diluted and appears almost, but not entirely, black.The Universe has an average colour – and it’s called cosmic latte.

E=mc^2

It's the day (14 march) when this true Genius Sir Albert Einstein was born to make great scientific discoveries like theory of relativity, photoelectric effect etc. I know that he must have inspired many young students to pursue physics . he is my ideal and of many more people .I kindly offer my tribute and respect to this brilliant man on this auspicious day . ❤️

We all know helium as a gas for blowing up balloons and making people talk like chipmunks,

However, what most people don’t know is that it comes in two distinct liquid states
one of which is borderline creepy.

When helium is just a few degrees below its boiling point of –452°F (–269°C), it can suddenly do things that other fluids can’t, like dribble through molecule-thin cracks, climb up and over the sides of a dish, and remain motionless when its container is spun. No longer a mere liquid, the helium has become a superfluid — a liquid that flows without friction.

The famous photograph of Earth 'The pale blue dot' taken on February 14, 1990, by the Voyager 1 space probe from an unprecedented distance of approximately 6 billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles, 40.5 AU). The photograph was captured by Voyager 1, a spacecraft launched in 1977 with the initial purpose of studying the outer Solar System. After fulfilling its primary mission and as it ventured out of the Solar System, the decision to turn its camera around and capture one last image of Earth emerged, in part due to Sagan's proposition.