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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BOOKS COLLECTION
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BOOKS COLLECTION
14 Oct, 19:14
https://t.me/starsfibot/starsfi?startapp=148659338
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BOOKS COLLECTION
13 Oct, 23:48
DISC BRAKE ROTOR MATERIALS
Brake rotors can be made of six different materials, each with its own advantages. Let’s take a look at each.
1. Cast Iron
This is the very definition of old school when it comes to a brake rotor. It’s one or two pieces and gets the job done. In fact, it’s the most common material for brake rotors. The right design (usually two-piece) can even work well in a performance vehicle. However, it’s also the heaviest option, which affects the overall weight of your car and its handling, since that weight is right up there with your front wheels.
2. Steel
Steel has been the racer’s choice for years because a steel brake rotor is thinner, weighs less and handles heat better. The downside: Steel rotors aren’t as durable as some others, and warped rotors can cause noise and a pulsating pedal when you brake.
3. Layered Steel
Layering sheets of steel together and laminating them makes them resistant to the warping you might find in a straight steel brake rotor. It’s a favorite of racers who don’t want frequent brake rotor replacement and repair, but manufacturers are currently only targeting professional racers and production is limited, so it’s not terribly common in passenger vehicle applications.
4. Aluminum
Aluminum brake rotors dissipate heat quickly, but they also melt at a lower temperature than other options. Aluminum is a favorite for motorcycles, which weigh less and are easier on the rotors when braking than a heavy car, truck or SUV.
5. High Carbon
These are iron, but with a lot of carbon mixed in. They can take a lot of heat and dissipate it quickly. The metallic content helps the rotor avoid cracking under high stress, and brake noise and vibration are reduced as well. The only downside is the price, which is significantly higher than straight iron or aluminum.
6. Ceramic
What’s your favorite super-car? Ferrari? Porsche? Lamborghini? Odds are it’s packing ceramic brake rotors. They offer the highest heat capacity (85 percent higher than cast iron) and superior dissipation, and they maintain a more consistent force and pressure as the temperature of the rotors rises. Ceramic is the highest-performance brake rotor available today.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
1. It is lighter than drum brakes.
2. It has better cooling ( because the braking surface is directly exposed to the air)
3. It offers better resistance to fade.
4. It provides uniform pressure distribution
5. Replacement of brake pads is easy.
6. By design, they are self-adjusting brakes.
Disadvantages
1. It is costlier than drum brakes.
2. Higher pedal pressure is required for stopping the vehicle. This brake system is installed with vacuum booster.
3. No servo action is present.
4. It is difficult to attach a suitable parking attachment.
Brake rotors can be made of six different materials, each with its own advantages. Let’s take a look at each.
1. Cast Iron
This is the very definition of old school when it comes to a brake rotor. It’s one or two pieces and gets the job done. In fact, it’s the most common material for brake rotors. The right design (usually two-piece) can even work well in a performance vehicle. However, it’s also the heaviest option, which affects the overall weight of your car and its handling, since that weight is right up there with your front wheels.
2. Steel
Steel has been the racer’s choice for years because a steel brake rotor is thinner, weighs less and handles heat better. The downside: Steel rotors aren’t as durable as some others, and warped rotors can cause noise and a pulsating pedal when you brake.
3. Layered Steel
Layering sheets of steel together and laminating them makes them resistant to the warping you might find in a straight steel brake rotor. It’s a favorite of racers who don’t want frequent brake rotor replacement and repair, but manufacturers are currently only targeting professional racers and production is limited, so it’s not terribly common in passenger vehicle applications.
4. Aluminum
Aluminum brake rotors dissipate heat quickly, but they also melt at a lower temperature than other options. Aluminum is a favorite for motorcycles, which weigh less and are easier on the rotors when braking than a heavy car, truck or SUV.
5. High Carbon
These are iron, but with a lot of carbon mixed in. They can take a lot of heat and dissipate it quickly. The metallic content helps the rotor avoid cracking under high stress, and brake noise and vibration are reduced as well. The only downside is the price, which is significantly higher than straight iron or aluminum.
6. Ceramic
What’s your favorite super-car? Ferrari? Porsche? Lamborghini? Odds are it’s packing ceramic brake rotors. They offer the highest heat capacity (85 percent higher than cast iron) and superior dissipation, and they maintain a more consistent force and pressure as the temperature of the rotors rises. Ceramic is the highest-performance brake rotor available today.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
1. It is lighter than drum brakes.
2. It has better cooling ( because the braking surface is directly exposed to the air)
3. It offers better resistance to fade.
4. It provides uniform pressure distribution
5. Replacement of brake pads is easy.
6. By design, they are self-adjusting brakes.
Disadvantages
1. It is costlier than drum brakes.
2. Higher pedal pressure is required for stopping the vehicle. This brake system is installed with vacuum booster.
3. No servo action is present.
4. It is difficult to attach a suitable parking attachment.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BOOKS COLLECTION
13 Oct, 23:46
Automotive Tech 🏎:
INJECTION SYSTEM
“ Fuel injector is an electronically controlled mechanical device that is responsible for spraying (injecting) the right amount of fuel at a right time into the engine so that a suitable air/fuel mixture is created for optimal combustion.”
The technology was created in the early 20th century and implemented on diesel engines first. By the final third of the 20th century, it had also become popular among regular gasoline engines.
The electronic control unit (ECU at engine management system) determines the precise amount and specific timing of required gasoline (petrol) dose for every cycle, by collecting information from various engine sensors. So, the ECU sends a command electrical signal of the correct duration and timing to the fuel injector coil. In that way opens the injector and allows petrol to pass through it into the engine.
The one terminal of the injector coil is directly supplied by 12 volts which are controlled by the ECU, and the other terminal of the injector coil is open. When ECU determined the exact amount of fuel and when to inject it, activates the appropriate injector by switching the other terminal to the ground (mass, i.e. negative pole).
COMPONENTS
The objectives of the fuel injection system are to meter, atomize and distribute the fuel throughout the air mass in the cylinder. At the same time, it must maintain the required air-fuel ratio as per the load and speed demand on the engine.
1. Pumping elements:
To move the fuel from the fuel tank to the cylinder.
2. Metering elements:
To measure the supply of the fuel at the rate demanded by speed and load conditioning on the engine
3. Metering control:
To adjust the rate of the metering elements for change in load and speed of the engine.
4. Mixture control:
To adjust the ratio of the fuel and air as demanded by the load and speed.
5. Distributing elements:
To divide the metered fuel equally among the cylinder.፧
6. Timing control:
To fix the start and stop of the fuel-air mixing process.
INJECTION SYSTEM
“ Fuel injector is an electronically controlled mechanical device that is responsible for spraying (injecting) the right amount of fuel at a right time into the engine so that a suitable air/fuel mixture is created for optimal combustion.”
The technology was created in the early 20th century and implemented on diesel engines first. By the final third of the 20th century, it had also become popular among regular gasoline engines.
The electronic control unit (ECU at engine management system) determines the precise amount and specific timing of required gasoline (petrol) dose for every cycle, by collecting information from various engine sensors. So, the ECU sends a command electrical signal of the correct duration and timing to the fuel injector coil. In that way opens the injector and allows petrol to pass through it into the engine.
The one terminal of the injector coil is directly supplied by 12 volts which are controlled by the ECU, and the other terminal of the injector coil is open. When ECU determined the exact amount of fuel and when to inject it, activates the appropriate injector by switching the other terminal to the ground (mass, i.e. negative pole).
COMPONENTS
The objectives of the fuel injection system are to meter, atomize and distribute the fuel throughout the air mass in the cylinder. At the same time, it must maintain the required air-fuel ratio as per the load and speed demand on the engine.
1. Pumping elements:
To move the fuel from the fuel tank to the cylinder.
2. Metering elements:
To measure the supply of the fuel at the rate demanded by speed and load conditioning on the engine
3. Metering control:
To adjust the rate of the metering elements for change in load and speed of the engine.
4. Mixture control:
To adjust the ratio of the fuel and air as demanded by the load and speed.
5. Distributing elements:
To divide the metered fuel equally among the cylinder.፧
6. Timing control:
To fix the start and stop of the fuel-air mixing process.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BOOKS COLLECTION
07 Oct, 05:02
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